What is statistical power analysis and why is it important when calculating sample size for a guinea pig study?

• A. Power analysis measures how quickly data can be collected.
• B. Power analysis estimates probability of detecting a true effect given effect size, alpha, and variability; ensures adequate sample size to avoid under- or over-powering, improving ethical use of animals.
• C. It determines the color of cages.
• D. It sets the p-value threshold to 0.5.

Answer: (B)